{"id":6023,"date":"2024-02-21T10:01:06","date_gmt":"2024-02-21T10:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/twosides.info\/ztracime-schopnost-cist-s-porozumenim\/"},"modified":"2024-02-21T10:01:06","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T10:01:06","slug":"ztracime-schopnost-cist-s-porozumenim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/twosides.info\/cs\/ztracime-schopnost-cist-s-porozumenim\/","title":{"rendered":"Ztr\u00e1c\u00edme schopnost \u010d\u00edst s porozum\u011bn\u00edm?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f je odpov\u011b\u010f kladn\u00e1. Obavy z toho, \u017ee o tuto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed dovednost p\u0159ijdeme, jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed u d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed z f\u00e1ze \u201eu\u010den\u00ed se \u010d\u00edst\u201c do f\u00e1ze \u201e\u010dten\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem u\u010den\u00ed\u201c, co\u017e se obvykle d\u011bje kolem dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho \u010di des\u00e1t\u00e9ho roku v\u011bku.[1]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v den\u00edku The Guardian[2] americk\u00fd novin\u00e1\u0159 John R. MacArthur odkazuje na nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fzkum americk\u00e9ho ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed, kter\u00fd \u201ezjistil, \u017ee schopnosti porozum\u011bn\u00ed textu u t\u0159in\u00e1ctilet\u00fdch se od \u0161koln\u00edho roku 2019\u20132020, kter\u00fd byl poznamen\u00e1n pandemi\u00ed covidu, zhor\u0161ily v pr\u016fm\u011bru o \u010dty\u0159i body, a co je je\u0161t\u011b alarmuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00fadaji z roku 2012 \u010dinil pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd pokles sedm bod\u016f. V\u00fdsledky nejslab\u0161\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f klesly pod \u00farove\u0148 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed zaznamenanou v roce 1971, kdy byla provedena prvn\u00ed celost\u00e1tn\u00ed studie.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee za tento pokles jsou z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti vin\u011bny pandemie Covid-19 a lockdowny, b\u011bhem nich\u017e bylo v\u00fdukov\u00e9 d\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159esunuto do online prost\u0159ed\u00ed, av\u0161ak \u201ezaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemluv\u00ed\u201c o \u201eosv\u011btlen\u00e9 obrazovce zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed pixelov\u00fd text nam\u00edsto ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho \u010di kop\u00edrovan\u00e9ho textu\u201c, kterou v\u011bt\u0161ina d\u011bt\u00ed k \u010dten\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvala ji\u017e dlouho p\u0159ed rokem 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Probl\u00e9m se \u010dten\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edho textu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u010dten\u00edm z ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho textu p\u0159edstavuje \u010dten\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho textu \u0159adu v\u00fdzev, mezi nimi\u017e hraje v\u00fdznamnou roli povaha digit\u00e1ln\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, a snadn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozpt\u00fdlen\u00edm, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nab\u00edzej\u00ed. Jde ale tak\u00e9 o to, jak digit\u00e1ln\u00ed texty \u010dteme \u2013 obvykle to zahrnuje posouv\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159el\u00e9t\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed textu, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o textovou zpr\u00e1vu od kamar\u00e1da, \u010dl\u00e1nek na internetu nebo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdukov\u00fd materi\u00e1l od u\u010ditele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak jsme ji\u017e zm\u00ednili v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nku, st\u00e1le v\u00edce v\u00fdzkum\u016f se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 srovn\u00e1n\u00edm vlivu \u010dten\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch text\u016f s ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi a doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee pap\u00edr a ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 podoba v\u017edy v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MacArthur ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku poukazuje na nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studii, kter\u00e1 odhaluje negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky \u010dten\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch text\u016f oproti ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do studie, kterou provedl t\u00fdm neurov\u011bdc\u016f pod veden\u00edm dr. Karen Froudov\u00e9 z Teachers College p\u0159i Kolumbijsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b v USA, se zapojilo 59 d\u011bt\u00ed ve v\u011bku od 10 do 12 let, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly za \u00fakol \u010d\u00edst p\u016fvodn\u00ed texty na pap\u00ed\u0159e i na obrazovce. Zjistili, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci \u010detli hloub\u011bji p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed textu na pap\u00ed\u0159e ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se \u010dten\u00edm na obrazovce, kde bylo \u201epozorov\u00e1no povrchn\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je to hloubkov\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem digit\u00e1ln\u00edch text\u016f se v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dten\u00ed v v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e jednalo o hlubok\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlubok\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jen v tom, \u017ee se dozv\u00edme, co text \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, ale tak\u00e9 v tom, \u017ee pochop\u00edme, co t\u00edm autor mysl\u00ed. Vy\u017eaduje to soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed \u2013 a to je v na\u0161em st\u00e1le v\u00edce digitalizovan\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b t\u011b\u017eko dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hloubkov\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed je dnes pro v\u011bt\u0161inu lid\u00ed v\u00fdzvou, a to i pro ty z n\u00e1s, kte\u0159\u00ed vyrostli je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed n\u00e1stupem digit\u00e1ln\u00edch technologi\u00ed. Pro d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 se u\u010d\u00ed ve \u0161kole, kde se digit\u00e1ln\u00ed texty v posledn\u00edch letech st\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1le b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed normou, to v\u0161ak p\u0159edstavuje v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku z roku 2009 s n\u00e1zvem \u201eV\u00fdznam hlubok\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed\u201c pouk\u00e1zaly Maryanne Wolfov\u00e1, v\u011bdkyn\u011b, pedago\u017eka a zast\u00e1nkyn\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed a gramotnosti po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, a Mirit Barzillaiov\u00e1, autorka knihy \u201eLearning to Read in A Digital World\u201c (U\u010den\u00ed se \u010d\u00edst v digit\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b), na v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdm d\u011bti p\u0159i hlubok\u00e9m \u010dten\u00ed \u010del\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201ePod pojmem \u201ahlubok\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed\u2018 rozum\u00edme soubor sofistikovan\u00fdch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed porozum\u011bn\u00ed a zahrnuj\u00ed inferen\u010dn\u00ed a deduktivn\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, schopnost analogick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, kritickou anal\u00fdzu, reflexi a vhled. Zku\u0161en\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 pot\u0159ebuje k proveden\u00ed t\u011bchto proces\u016f pouh\u00e9 milisekundy; mlad\u00fd mozek pot\u0159ebuje k jejich rozvoji roky. Ob\u011b tyto kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 dimenze \u010dasu jsou potenci\u00e1ln\u011b ohro\u017eeny v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdm d\u016frazem digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kultury na bezprost\u0159ednost, informa\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm kognitivn\u00edm nastaven\u00edm, kter\u00e9 up\u0159ednost\u0148uje rychlost a m\u016f\u017ee odrazovat od uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu jak p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed, tak p\u0159i p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed.\u201c[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pokud lze soudit podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f hodnocen\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed v USA a ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku, obavy Wolfa a Barzillaiho se nyn\u00ed napl\u0148uj\u00ed. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 lze p\u0159ijmout \u2013 a kter\u00e1 se ji\u017e p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed \u2013, aby se \u010delilo negativn\u00edm dopad\u016fm digit\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta na \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Znovuzaveden\u00ed pap\u00edrov\u00fdch text\u016f do \u0161kol<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku, kde se ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed uplat\u0148uje \u201ehyperdigitalizovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup\u201c, nyn\u00ed \u0161koly podnikaj\u00ed kroky k tomu, aby se op\u011bt kladl d\u016fraz na ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 knihy, \u010das vyhrazen\u00fd pro tich\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed a n\u00e1cvik psan\u00ed rukou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento krok je reakc\u00ed na pokles \u00farovn\u011b \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 gramotnosti u d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00fd je podobn\u00fd tomu, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo v USA. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed odhalilo pokles \u00farovn\u011b \u010dten\u00ed u \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho ro\u010dn\u00edku (ve v\u011bku kolem dev\u00edti let) z pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty 555 v roce 2016 na 544 v roce 2021.[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdznam ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch knih v dom\u00e1cnosti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u010dkoli rodi\u010de mo\u017en\u00e1 ne v\u017edy dok\u00e1\u017eou kontrolovat \u010di p\u0159\u00edmo ovliv\u0148ovat to, zda \u0161kola up\u0159ednost\u0148uje digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zdroje p\u0159ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi, mohou na d\u011bti p\u016fsobit doma. Wolf zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam role rodi\u010d\u016f p\u0159i podpo\u0159e \u010dten\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch knih v dom\u00e1cnosti, aby se stalo stejn\u011b p\u0159irozenou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota d\u011bt\u00ed jako digit\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00e9dia, a pom\u00e1halo tak rozv\u00edjet to, co Wolf naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ebi-liter\u00e1rn\u00edmi\u201c dovednostmi.[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">65 % spot\u0159ebitel\u016f d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm materi\u00e1l\u016fm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maj\u00ed-li na v\u00fdb\u011br, v\u011bt\u0161ina spot\u0159ebitel\u016f d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm materi\u00e1l\u016fm. Pr\u016fzkum organizace <a href=\"https:\/\/twosides.info\/trend-tracker-2023\/\">Two Sides<\/a> z roku 2023 odhalil, \u017ee 65 % evropsk\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f d\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ednost \u010dten\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch knih a 52 % se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee se d\u011bti p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed z ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f nau\u010d\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e z digit\u00e1ln\u00edch (pouze 16 % s t\u00edm nesouhlas\u00ed). Dal\u0161\u00edch 45 % souhlasilo s t\u00edm, \u017ee l\u00e9pe porozum\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, kdy\u017e \u010dtou zpr\u00e1vy v ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b, ne\u017e kdy\u017e je \u010dtou online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br: Ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jsou pro u\u010den\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">St\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdzkum\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se rozd\u00edly mezi \u010dten\u00edm ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho a digit\u00e1ln\u00edho textu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obraz toho, \u017ee z hlediska u\u010den\u00ed je ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 podoba nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve sv\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v den\u00edku The Guardian MacArthur cituje Froudovou a jej\u00ed t\u00fdm, kte\u0159\u00ed \u201ea\u010dkoli se zdr\u00e1haj\u00ed vyd\u00e1vat konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed doporu\u010den\u00ed ohledn\u011b postup\u016f ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b a u\u010debn\u00edch osnov, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed: \u201aDomn\u00edv\u00e1me se, \u017ee tyto v\u00fdsledky studie oprav\u0148uj\u00ed k tomu, abychom se p\u0159ipojili k hlas\u016fm\u2026 a nazna\u010dili, \u017ee bychom ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 knihy zat\u00edm nem\u011bli vyhazovat, proto\u017ee jsme u na\u0161eho vzorku \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f mohli pozorovat v\u00fdhodu v hloubce zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i \u010dten\u00ed z ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho textu.\u2018\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatura<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/journal.imse.com\/the-shift-from-learning-to-read-to-reading-to-learn\/#:~:text=Breaking%20Down%20Reading%20to%20Learn,in%20school%20and%20life%20beyond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journal.imse.com, \u201eJak umo\u017enit p\u0159echod od u\u010den\u00ed se \u010d\u00edst k \u010dten\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem u\u010den\u00ed\u201c, leden 2023<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/amp-theguardian-com.cdn.ampproject.org\/c\/s\/amp.theguardian.com\/lifeandstyle\/2024\/jan\/17\/kids-reading-better-paper-vs-screen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian, Pr\u016flomov\u00e1 studie ukazuje, \u017ee d\u011bti se l\u00e9pe u\u010d\u00ed z pap\u00edru ne\u017e z obrazovek. A co te\u010f? Leden 2024<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] <a href=\"https:\/\/makingdigitalhistory.co.uk\/read\/skim-reading-reading-a-difficult-book-or-article\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">makingdigitalhistory.co.uk, \u010cten\u00ed s p\u0159ehledem: \u010cten\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 knihy nebo \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ascd.org\/el\/articles\/the-importance-of-deep-reading\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ascd.org, V\u00fdznam hloubkov\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00ed, b\u0159ezen 2009<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/edexec.co.uk\/swedens-shift-from-screens-to-books-makes-uk-schools-rethink-techs-role-in-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">edexec.co.uk, \u0160v\u00e9dsk\u00fd p\u0159echod od obrazovek ke knih\u00e1m nut\u00ed britsk\u00e9 \u0161koly p\u0159ehodnotit roli technologi\u00ed ve v\u00fduce, z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/segments\/you-are-how-you-read\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sciencefriday.com, \u201eJsi takov\u00fd, jak \u010dte\u0161\u201c, listopad 2018<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f je odpov\u011b\u010f kladn\u00e1. Obavy z toho, \u017ee o tuto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed dovednost p\u0159ijdeme, jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed u d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed z f\u00e1ze \u201eu\u010den\u00ed se \u010d\u00edst\u201c do f\u00e1ze \u201e\u010dten\u00ed za \u00fa\u010delem u\u010den\u00ed\u201c, co\u017e se obvykle d\u011bje kolem dev\u00e1t\u00e9ho \u010di des\u00e1t\u00e9ho roku v\u011bku.[1] V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v den\u00edku The Guardian[2] americk\u00fd novin\u00e1\u0159 John R. MacArthur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2464,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6023","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ztr\u00e1c\u00edme schopnost \u010d\u00edst s porozum\u011bn\u00edm? - Two Sides<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Podle nov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu je odpov\u011b\u010f ano. 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